please help Essays - Arab, Saudi Arabia, Arab Culture, Marketing

The aftermath of the 1990 Middle East war and the region's subsequent exposure to Western technologies and lifestyles has contributed to an accelerated opening up of Arabic culture to Western ideas. Often relegated to a secondary role in the Arab culture, changing market conditions have helped increase the importance of many marketing functions and, in particular, personal selling. Given the increased importance of personal selling in a high context culture, such as that of Saudi Arabia, the development of a qualified salesforce should significantly improve a firm's competitive position. This exploratory study examined the extent to which sales training philosophies and practices differ between Saudi Arabia and the United States. Findings reveal the limited extent of Saudi sales training programmes and offer insight into the future development of marketing and sales training in this Arab culture as well as implications for both Arab and foreign businesses.

exam answer Essay

exam answer Essay exam answer Essay Semester 2, 2007 Exam Question 1: (a) Financial report disclosure and AGM (5 marks) Pierce Pty Ltd was formed recently. During Pierce Pty Ltd’s first year of operations it hired 75 employees and was expected to be extremely profitable this year. Its three shareholders and respective shareholdings are Burns owns 4% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares; Donovan Ltd owns 76% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares; and McIntyre Pty Ltd owns 20% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares. Burns was concerned when Pierce Pty Ltd’s directors told him that it would not send him a financial report. In addition, Burns was also worried that Pierce Pty Ltd would not have an annual general meeting (AGM) even though Burns asked for one to be called. Burns particularly wanted to use the AGM to force Pierce Pty Ltd to use less polluting practices in its production processes. Explain whether Pierce Pty Ltd must give Burns its current annual financial report and hold the AGM to vote on the pollution reduction issue Burns was concerned with. Burns desires to view the Pierce’s financial report and hold an AGM, thus the issue in this case deals with the requirements in the Corporations Act on annual financial report and general meetings for private companies. Annual Financial Report: Large proprietary companies are required to disclose financial reports under s.292(1). However, small proprietary companies are not required to prepare audited financial reports unless directed to do so by shareholders holding 5% or more of the voting shares (s.293). Pierce have 75 employees which satisfies one of the criteria under s.45A(2) to establish a small proprietary company. Assuming that ‘extremely profitable’ does not mean that the company earn more than $25 million revenue and that their assets are less than $12.5 million in value then the company can be assumed to be a small proprietary company, otherwise, if it satisfy one more criteria, it is a large company. Thus, as a small proprietary company, he is unable to direct the company to prepare audited financial reports as he only has 4% of the voting shares, unless he can convince another shareholder. However, as a large company, they are required to prepare financial reports. Annual general meeting: Under s.250N, only public companies are required to hold annual general meetings, whereas proprietary companies are not required unless their constitution requires it. Subsequently, as Burns does not have more than 5% of the voting shares, he is unable to call and arrange a general meeting under s.249F. Among other things, without having more than 5% of the voting shares, Burns can’t give a company notice of a resolution that they propose to move at a general meeting. Under s.249Q, a general meeting must be held for a proper purpose which the proposed meeting by Burns was not as it seeks to interfere with the directors’ exclusive power to manage the company’s business (NRMA v Parker). Conclusion: Burns will not be able to force Pierce to provide annual financial reports and to hold a general meeting due to his lack of voting shares and also that the meeting was for an improper purpose. (b) Altering constitution and Share expropriation (5 marks) Donovan Ltd operated a successful toy importing business. Its directors recently discovered that 10% of its shares were owned by Sleazy who was a convicted child molester. Fearing that Donovan Ltd’s wholesome reputation would suffer if Sleazy’s shareholding became common knowledge, the directors considered the following proposals (i) call a shareholders’ meeting to insert a new clause in Donovan Ltd’s constitution forcing any shareholder with a criminal conviction to sell their shares to the other shareholders. (ii) call a shareholders’ meeting to pass a resolution reducing the company’s capital by cancelling Sleazy’s shares and paying him the issue price. Explain how case law or the Corporations Act operates in relation to both of the proposals The issue

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping Here at , we just completed a major sprint to launch four major new features in less than 6 weeks. Whew. It was a lot of fun. Were leaving 2016 BIGLY so that you can consolidate your toolset in 2017! Welcome our 4th NEW feature in 6 weeks: #Instagram Scheduling https://t.co/srhEwtJpin Garrett Moon (@garrett_moon) November 29, 2016 In case you missed it, here’s what we launched. If you only want to learn how we did it, feel free to skip ahead. Four Features In Under Six Weeks: ReQueue is the most intelligent way to automate your social media. This is one of my favorite features ever, because it helps you make the most of the hard work you put into social media schedule. Now, will help you reuse to best social messages again when it sees a gap in your schedule. It’s the perfect social companion for the busiest of marketers. Instagram has quickly become one of the most important social networks for marketers and now you can schedule Instagram messages right from , along side the rest of your marketing strategy. Instagram publishing really makes the one-stop tools for your entire marketing strategy. Content UX included a major update to how content is managed on the calendar. While it included a massive design refresh, it also added a lot of functional changes around usability and user experience that make easier to use and collaborate with you team. Social Media Analytics helps our users prove the ROI of the work they do by eliminate the tedious process of gathering, analyzing, and reporting on your analytics. Now you can do it from one place with ’s social message analytics and Social Engagement Reports. Long story short, that’s a lot of code to ship in short amount of time. So, how did we do it? How A Culture Of Shipping Drives Our Work EthicI call it a culture of shipping. Its one of our core values: Bias for Action. We know that ideas don’t matter unless they become action. We always err on the side of shipping, failing fast, and getting better as we go along. But before we get too far, I want to let you in on our dirty little secret. We don’t launch 100% of our features all at once. Don’t get me wrong, these were great features, but they were the 1.0 version. This means that for every aspect of the feature we actually launched, there are between 3 and 4 major improvements that were left on the to do list. In general, I believe that the common concept of a â€Å"launch† is very misleading. Most of the time, we think of a launch as a singular event. We slave away for months in hiding while building something brand new. When it finally comes time to make it public we launch, and make a big splash. There are blog posts, tweets, press releases, and sometimes fanfare. And then it’s over. We move on to the next project and look forward to another â€Å"big launch.† But, that’s not really how things work. Your audience will never absorb your launch the way you expect them to. They’re busy and distracted. You’re probably going to have to tell them about feature XYZ three or four times before they actually pay attention. In short, launches shouldn’t be a singular event. They are just the beginning. They should really be just one singular step in an overall process of iteration. Launches should be one singular step in an overall process of iterationIteration is really at the heart of what makes for a great â€Å"culture of shipping.† Everything is iterative, including your skills and abilities, your marketing efforts, and your feature launches. A process of getting something out there and then making slow and steady improvements over time is what defines ’s culture. It isn’t sexy, but dang it if it doesn’t work. So, let’s get practical. What can you do to make sure your team builds a culture of shipping? Here are a few of the things we do every day to keep the shipping alive. 1. Wins Make for More Wins When planning something new you are bound to develop big visions of excellence and grander. Take it easy cowboy/girl. Rather than trying to build the biggest and best right out of the gate, break your project into pieces. Think of it as a series of â€Å"launches† rather than one massive unveiling. Breaking projects down into tiny launch-able pieces will give you and your team some early wins. Wins can easily turn into momentum and momentum is exactly what fuels a culture of shipping. Around here, we like to break feature development into a series of 1-2 week projects- each one ending with a launch of some kind. We try not to focus on the whole enchilada. Rather, we focus on the smaller iterative goals that will need to be met in order to succeed. This ultra simple framework keeps us focused and motivated, and ultimately leads to the big win. Wins make for more wins.2. We Assume that Our Customers Know More Than Us When planning a new feature or launch, it can be easy to assume that you are the smartest person in the room. Work on a feature long enough and you’ll believe that no one understands it better than you. Unfortunately, you’ll probably be right. So, what if no one understands it but you? Feedback matters a lot. The world loves to emphasize the myth of the â€Å"lone genius† or the Steve Jobs personality in all of us. WRONG. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life. In real life those geniuses had spouses, colleagues, or competitors that drove them and made them better. For a startup like , those drivers are our users. With every feature we launch, we try to leave a lot of room for customers to influence version 2.0. When a new feature goes live, our list of back burner items becomes irrelevant. From that point forward, customer feedback shapes version 2.0. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life.3. We Focus on Failing Fast Most of us try to avoid making mistakes. If we can’t avoid them, we at least try to make sure no one notices them when they happen. But, this reflex is in itself a mistake. Instead, the better approach is to assume that you will fail and build it right into your process. We call this failing fast. Rather than trying to be perfect, aim to fail as quickly as possible. If you’re building something new, show it to someone else as soon as you can. Even before you’re ready. Get feedback. Figure out what’s wrong The sooner you know what’s wrong, the sooner you can improve it, and that will help you move faster. My background is in graphic design, and this can be a huge problem in that industry. Designers love to â€Å"move pixels† and make things perfect before showing their work to anyone. But, this is a mistake. It makes them slow and oftentimes damages the end result. Don’t assume you know it all. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it.4. We Keep Things Simple Complicated features are bad for users (and for you). At , we’ve paid that price before. For example, the first version of ReQueue was overbuilt. Because we didn’t ship soon enough, the feature ended up getting too complicated and messy. When we gave it to a set of beta users and they were confused. They didn’t understand how to make the feature do what we said it could do. We ended up scrapping the entire project and building something different that was much simpler and more iterative. It was a lesson we don’t want to have to learn twice. Over time, we’ve learned to keep things as simple as possible. Sometime complex features are necessary, but it is better to iterate our way into them, rather than building it all at once. Stay iterative. Keep it simple. Ship on time! #aCultureOfShipping #OverheardAt5. Despite What You Believe, Launch Day Doesn’t Really Matter I’ve already mentioned that launch day barely matters, but it bears repeating. Teams routinely put a lot of time into their big unveiling to find out that no one was really paying attention. The true art of the launching comes from realizing that launching is a process, not an event. It’s about the process of shipping, not just launching. From a marketing standpoint this means that we should be talking about new features for week and months after they launch. From a product standpoint this means that we should be building and perfecting a feature for months after they are live. This isn’t a one and done type of scenario. We are so conditioned to believe that launch day is an event. We believe that our marketing is a narrative and that customers read every page, but they don’t. Marketing is messy. Shipping is messy. You’re better off with a process that embraces the mess than one that works against it.

Chinese Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Chinese Philosophy - Essay Example It became well established throughout the vast nation during the 300's A.D. It is surprising, then, to learn that at one time, most of the Chinese people viewed the religion with skepticism, considering it to be little more than a strange foreign cult. Many of the early Chinese converts to the Buddhist religion risked ostracism and persecution simply for practicing their beliefs. Buddhism reached China from India around 100 A.D. For many years, almost all Chinese subscribed to either of two native religions. One was Confucianism, which was based on the ideas of Confucius, the revered philosopher. The tenets of this belief system included obedience to authority, the promotion of education, societal order, and a deep respect for one's ancestors and for the past. Confucius was born about 550 B.C. and the religion based on his teachings emerged shortly after his death in the 470's B.C. The other traditional Chinese religion was Taoism. The basic teachings of this belief system included a reverence for nature and routine celebration of the faith's many protective gods. Taoism began during the 300's B.C. and is based on a book entitled the Tao Te Ching (The Classic of the Way and the Virtue). Taoism was also heavily influenced by elements of Chinese folk religion. When Buddhists first began to appear in China, most Chinese deeply mistrusted them. Their mistrust was easy to understand. According to Sources of Chinese Tradition, written by Theodore Debary, Buddhism was a radically different religion from both Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism itself was founded about 500 B.C. in India by the teacher named Buddha. Buddha was born about 563 B.C. in southern Nepal. His actual name was Siddhartha Gautama. He was a member of a powerful royal family. Despite Gautama's wealth and high social standing, he was a deeply unhappy young man. At age 29, the future Buddha sank into a debilitating depression. He was convinced that life was full of misfortune and heartache. His feelings of melancholy caused him to leave his own family to seek spiritual enlightenment as an itinerant monk. After six years of nonstop traveling, Gautama finally experienced enlightenment. He was convinced that he had discovered why life was so full of woe. In addition, he was convinced that he had discovered how human beings could escape their feelings of misery. He soon had many followers. These followers called him Buddha, which means the Enlightened One. According to Theodore Debary in his work, Sources of Chinese Tradition, much of the Chinese people's initial misgivings about Buddhism stemmed from simple xenophobia (p. 277). China possessed one of the world's earliest great civilizations; Chinese writing history goes back thousands of years ago. The Chinese people were greatly accomplished, and not surprisingly, this great culture tended to view other peoples as being inferior. The Chinese seemed to view India with contempt, and many Chinese felt that a religion that came from India would have a negative, corrupting influence on the population (p. 277). Much mistrust was also triggered by simple and seemingly shallow cultural differences between the Indians and the Chinese. For example, many Chinese were originally dismayed upon learning that Buddhist clerics took vows of celibacy

Discussion Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Research Methods - Essay Example Through learning, a person acquires new knowledge form another person who is knowledgeable in that particular field. This will also help the learner to be capable of performing various tasks especially at work. On the other hand, development is also concerned with improving the skills of people so that they can improve their performance at work. An experienced person can develop the junior employees in the organization so that they can effectively execute their tasks. Both training and development are specifically meant to improve the knowledge and skills of the employees so that they can improve their performance in the organization. This is meant to improve productivity in the organization since all the people involved would be better positioned to know what would be expected of them. In some cases, employees can undergo short courses outside the company where they are trained about certain aspects of their profession. This is usually done through workshops or seminars where the participants are taught new things that can be used to improve their performance. The participants are usually divided into small groups and they share their knowledge about different aspects that would be the focus of training. After different plenary sessions, the trainees will give feedback and this information will be used to generate new knowledge that can be utilised to improve the effectiveness of the people involved. Basically, training and development are more concerned with generating new knowledge that can be used to improve the performance of the employees in the organization. Development also helps to improve the skills of the employees so that they can also improve productivity in the

Liberty University Bibl 323 John Module 4 Notes Essay Example for Free

Liberty University Bibl 323 John Module 4 Notes Essay People would live in booths, temporary shelters made of palm branches outside the city to remind them of God’s care for 40 years in the wilderness. Every Jewish male was expected to attend the feast. (Lev. 16:16). â€Å"Three times a year all your men must appear before the Lord your God at the place he will choose: at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Weeks and the Feasts of Tabernacles. No man should appear before the Lord empty-handed. † The 3 most important days in the Old Testament were not held on Saturday but on Sunday Seven plus one is John’s key phrase and here the three main feast feature seven days, Sabbath. Lev. 23:2–15). â€Å"Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘These are my appointed feasts, the appointed feast of the Lord, which you are to proclaim as sacred assemblies. The Lord’s Passover begins at twilight on the fourteenth day of the first month. For seven days present, an offering made to the Lord by fire. And on the seventh day hold a sacred assembly and do no regular work. ’ Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘When you enter the land I am going to give you and you reap its harvest, bring to the priest a sheaf of the first grain you harvest. He is to wave the sheaf before the Lord so it will be accepted on your behalf; the priest is to wave it on the day after the Sabbath. From the day after the Sabbath, the day you brought the sheaf of the wave offering, count off seven full weeks. ’† Then 7 weeks plus one day, i. e. , Pentecost, held on ____________________. Tabernacles (Lev. 23:34). â€Å"Say to the Israelites: ‘On the fifteenth day of the seventh month the Lord’s Feast of Tabernacles begins, and it lasts for seven days. Live in booths for seven days: All native born Israelites are to live in booths so your descendants will know that I had the Israelites live in booths when I brought them out of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. So beginning with the fifteenth day of the seventh month, after you have gathered the crops of the land, celebrate the festival to the Lord for seven days; the first day is a day of rest, and the eighth day also is a day of rest. On the first day you are to take choice fruit from the trees, and palm fronds, leafy branches, and poplars, and rejoice before the Lord your God for seven days. The first day is a sacred assembly; do no regular work. For seven days present offerings made to the Lord by fire, and on the eighth day hold a sacred assembly and present an offering made to the Lord by fire. It is the closing assembly do no regular work. † Passover Pentecost Booths April June October Planting Crops in ground Harvest Most attended Least attended Middle Lev. 23:5 Lev. 23:15ff Lev. 23:34ff 7 days plus 1 7 days times 7 plus 1 7 days plus 1 Feast of the First 7 weeks then 1 Fruits Cross Atonement Holy Spirit Future Kingdom Eight is the number of regeneration new things Holy Spirit Brethren, v. – adeiphoi Catholic and Jerome – his cousins Sons of Joseph by another marriage A group of Jesus’ followers Children of Joseph and Mary after Jesus. They had a least seven children. Matt. 13:55 â€Å"Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother’s name Mary, and aren’t his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas? A ren’t all his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all these things? † What were the bothers trying to do? They were being sarcastic Wanting fame from a famous brother Another of Satan’s attempts to kill Jesus prematurely En parresiai – openly – literally in boldness Timing (7:6–9). Therefore Jesus told them, ‘The right time for me has not yet come; for you any time is right. The world cannot hate you, but it hates me because I testify that what it does is evil. You go to the Feast. I am not yet going up to the Feast, because for me the right time has not yet come. ’ Having said this, he stayed in Galilee. † Time – karios – not the normal word hora – season Possibilities in resolving the problem Some accuse Jesus of falsehood Anabarino – I go up – in context ascending to Jerusalem in celebration of a completed task. He could not go up that way for His task was not completed I am not ready to do the tabernacle work yet The time for Jesus to celebrate the feast of Tabernacles will be At His return Hostilities (7:10–13). â€Å"However, after his brothers had left for the Feast, he went also, not publicly, but in secret. Now at the Feast the Jews were watching for him and asking, ‘Where is that man? ’ Among the crowds there was widespread whispering about him. Some said, ‘He is a good man. ’ Others replied, ‘No, he deceives the people. ’ But no one would say anything publicly about him for fear of the Jews. Secretly – kruptoi – is placed in contrast to public celebration. nvisible wear disguise on non-traveled paths Openly – phaneros 7:10, and parnessaoi 7:4, both come the root word to Tell it all Whispering – goggusmos – mummer – as they did In the wilderness Of believers – a good man Of non-believers – not a good man Half – He deceives people Jesu s is a divider of men Christ and His Heavenly Claims (7:14–39) His ____________________ (7:14–24). â€Å"Not until halfway through the Feast did Jesus go up to the temple courts and begin to teach. The Jews were amazed and asked, ‘How did this man get such learning without having studied? Jesus answered, ‘My teaching is not my own. It comes from him who sent me. If anyone chooses to do God’s will, he will find out whether my teaching comes from God or whether I speak on my own. He who speaks on his own does so to gain honor for himself, but he who works for the honor of the one who sent him is a man of truth; there is nothing false about him. Has not Moses given you the law? Yet not one of you keeps the law. Why are you trying to kill me? ’ ‘You are demon-possessed,’ the crowd answered. ‘Who is trying to kill you? ’ Jesus said to them, ‘I did one miracle, and you are all astonished. Yet, because Moses gave you circumcision (though actually it did not come from Moses, but from the patriarchs), you circumcise a child on the Sabbath. Now if a child can be circumcised on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses may not be broken, why are you angry with me for healing the whole man on the Sabbath? Stop judging by mere appearances, and make a right judgment. ’† Four claims of Jesus in the midst of the feast (7:14–24) Concerning His doctrine (7:14–24) My doctrine is from God (7:16) Doctrine is teaching Doctrine is the product teaching is the process I have preformed a miracle (7:21). Lame man to Bethesda Concerning His heavenly mission (7:25–36) I am from God (7:28). I will return to God (7:33). Will do His will – theisi poiein If a person’s moral purpose is in harmony with God’s will, then that person will come to know the truth of Jesus’ doctrine. Because of the attitude of â€Å"the Jews† they cannot meet this condition so they cannot understand His doctrine. Apparently the crowd did not know their leaders as they thought. It was unthinkable that the spiritual leaders of the day would plot to murder. They thought Jesus must be either paraniod or demon possessed The Sabbath law was not an absolute law a person could work under the right circumstance. If it were permissible to circumcise then why not to heal? This was not totally a new idea, Rabbi Eliezer, â€Å"If circumcision, which concerns one of a man’s 248 limbs, displaces the Sabbath, how much more must a man’s whole body (i. e. , if his life be in danger) displace the Sabbath† (Yoma 85b). Be angry – cholate – literally it is derivative from the word â€Å"gall† and literally means to be â€Å"full of bile†. The monstrous act that Jesus described was that 19 months earlier, He had healed a man on Saturday, who had been sick 38 years. Jesus had not only taken care of the physical but also the spiritual â€Å"problem. † His ____________________ (7:25–36). â€Å"At that point, some of the people of Jerusalem began to ask, ‘Isn’t this the man they are trying to kill? Here he is, speaking publicly, and they are not saying a word to him. Have the authorities really concluded that he is the Christ? But we know where this man is from; when the Christ comes, no one will know where he is from. ’ Then Jesus, still teaching in the temple courts, cried out, ‘Yes, you know me, and you know where I am from. I am not here on my own, but he who sent me is true. You do not know him, but I know him because I am from him and he sent me. ’ At this they tried to seize him, but no one laid a hand on him, because his time had not yet come. Still, many in the crowd put their faith in him. They said, ‘When the Christ comes, will he do more miraculous signs than this man? ’ The Pharisees heard the crowd whispering such things about him. Then the chief priests and the Pharisees sent temple guards to arrest him. Jesus said, ‘I am with you for only a short time, and then I go to the one who sent me. You will look for me, but you will not find me; and here I am, you cannot come. ’ The Jews said to one another, ‘Where does this man intend to go that we cannot find him? Will he go where our people live scattered among the Greeks, and teach the Greeks? What did he mean when he said, ‘You will look for me, but you will not find me,’ and ‘Where I am, you cannot come? ’† Verse 25 the plot t o kill Jesus was common knowledge Lerosolumeiton v. 25 – used only here and in Mark 1:15 refers specifically to the residents of Jerusalem as distinguished from both the crowds who invaded the city during the feast and the religious bureaucracy. Jewish tradition said that the coming of the Messiah would be veiled in mystery. Some though that the Messiah would not know who he was until he was anointed by Elijah. Therefore, because Jesus knew who He was He could not be the Messiah. Cried – with a loud voice. True v. 28 – alethinos – in the sense of genuineness rather than veracity. Still others in the crowd began to believe. v. 31. Response of the Pharisees Sent temple police to arrest him. Not Romans but Levitical police. v. 32. Sent spies out to gather evidence that could be used against Him in His trial. They did not report to the Sanhedrin until four days later. The Prophecy 7:35 – They unknowingly prophesied that Jesus should go to the diaspora, i. e. , Jews outside Palestine and to the Gentiles. Dispersed scattered. Gentiles means nations. a Latin phrase. This is exactly what the Early Church did, v. 35. His ____________________ (7:37–39). â€Å"On the last and greatest day of the Feast, Jesus stood and said in a loud voice, ‘If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, â€Å"Streams of living water will flow from within him. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ By this he meant the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given, since Jesus had not yet been glorified. † Last day – sunday Holy Spirit Not spoken of until the Holy Ghost/Spirit For seven days, the nation had lived in booths to remind them of God’s provision for the nation of Israel For seven days they rejoiced in the ____________________. The eighth day was a special Sabbath sunday priest would draw water from the pool of Siloam and take it to the temple to the altar. The people began to sing (Isa. 12:3), â€Å"With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation. † At this point Jesus began to preach: â€Å"Is anyone thirsty? . As they are singing and pouring water, Jesus disrupts the ceremony with a loud voice. Jesus is either lunatic or lord The invitation is come and drink Koilias – inward parts Organ of nourishment, ____________________. Organ of reproduction, ____________________. Organ of direction, ____________________. The hidden innermost recesses of the kardia (heart), the seat of the intellect, emotions, and will, i. e. , the real person. Whose koilias? ____________________. Out of the givers belly will flow living water. He spoke of the Holy Spirit as God pouring out. ___________________ – He that believes, will be in dwelt with the Holy Spirit and gives the fruits, gifts, and fullness. This refers to rivers not belly. Verse 39 is a footnote that explains and adds to the text. As the rock produced water that nourished Israel in the wilderness so shall the Holy Spirit fills us What the Holy Spirit brings indwells the believer – Romans 5:5 fills for service – Eph. 5:18 gives quality life – Gal. 5:22–33 illuminates – John 14:26 secures heaven – Eph. 1:13–14 The Response of the Multitude (7:40–53) Divided ____________________ (7:40–43). On hearing his words, some of the people said, ‘Surely this man is the Prophet. ’ Others said, ‘He is the Christ. ’ Still others asked, ‘How can the Christ come from Galilee? Does not the Scripture say that the Christ will come from David’s family and from Bethlehem, the town where David lived? ’ Thus the people were divided because of Jesus. † Jesus always divides the people into two groups – ____________________. People began to look at Jesus ____________________ after He disrupted the great procession. They did not really search His birthplace. They thought He was born In galilee Schisma – division – comes from the verb to rend. There is now a clear split in the crowd. He is either accepted or rejected No middle ground Divided officers (7:44–46). â€Å"Some wanted to seize him, but no one laid a hand on him. Finally the temple guards went back to the chief priests and Pharisees, who asked them, ‘Why didn’t you bring him in? ’ ‘No one ever spoke the way this man does,’ the guards declared. † What was true of the crowds was true of the officers they were divided Divided Sanhedrin (7:47–53). â€Å"‘You mean he has deceived you also? ’ the Pharisees retorted. ‘Has any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed in him? No! But this mob that knows nothing of the law—there is a curse on them. ’ Nicodemus, who had gone to Jesus earlier and who was one of their own number, asked, ‘Does our law condemn anyone without first hearing him to find out what he is doing? ’ They replied, ‘Are you from Galilee, too? Look into it, and you will find that a prophet does not come out of Galilee. ’† Nicodemus was one of the leaders of the Jews who Believed on Jesus The response of the Pharisees may be interpreted in two ways. They may be urging Nicodemus to read the scriptures and see that no prophet had ever appeared in Galilee. This of course is not true. Jonah, Hosea, Nahum, Elijah, Elisha, and Amos came from Galilee. Jonah came from around Nazareth. â€Å"Search† did not refer to the Scriptures but the place. â€Å"From your knowledge of Galilee, is it the kind of place to produce a prophet? † The same attitude as Nathanael first had. Went to their own home – they had been living in booths and the feast was over so home. They went back to live in their houses. Jesus had confounded them. WhT ELSE COULD THEY DO. Review Why is Jesus called â€Å"the Heavenly One† in this chapter? Describe the Feast of Tabernacles. Why did Jesus’ half brothers want him to go to Jerusalem? Who were these brethren (v. 3–5)? Why did Jesus go up to this feast? What time of year was the Feast of Tabernacles? What did Jesus mean by the use of â€Å"belly†? What was the response of the multitude to Jesus’ action at the Feast of Tabernacles? Christ – The Light of the World Outline Chapter 8 Christ, the Lord of an Immoral Woman (8:1–11) A snare produced (8:1–6). â€Å"But Jesus went to the Mount of Olives. At dawn he appeared again in the temple courts; where all the people gathered around him, and he sat down to teach them. The teachers of the law and the Pharisees brought in a woman caught in adultery. They made her stand before the group and said to Jesus, ‘Teacher, this woman was caught in the act of adultery. In the Law Moses commanded us to stone such women. Now what do you say? ’ They were using this question as a trap, in order to have a basis for accusing him. But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. † Introduction There is a major textual problem in Chapter 8. 7:53–8:11 is missing in some ancient manuscripts. Some translations either put in a disclaimer or a footnote. Arguments for authenticity Internal argument It is consistent with the ____________________. It is consistent with the ____________________. Documents the story of the woman caught in adultery was cited in the third century Apostolic Constitutions. Church Fathers. It was considered authentic by Jerome, Ambrose, and Augustine. Augustine tells why it is missing – some he calls â€Å"weak in the faith† feared their wives would use it to ____________________. This was an obvious trap to put Jesus on the horns of a dilemma. Stone her – lose his title as ____________________. Let her go – be in opposition ____________________. Remember the situation. Vacation atmosphere may be easier for ____________________. Living in booths, easier to catch someone in the act of adultery or ____________________. Early morning – orthrou – ____________________. It was common for a Rabbi to teach ____________________. If they had been interested in justice they would have taken her ____________________. They brought only the woman. Normally she would have been taken to her husband, or even before a court. The word for adultery is micheumoen which always refers to sexual infidelity involving married people neither ____________________. She was put in the ____________________. Where is the man? The reference to the law of Moses was ____________________. Deut. 22:22–24, â€Å"If a man is found sleeping with another man’s wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. † Stoning We often think of ____________________. The Greek word is for a stone about the ____________________. The person would be held down on the ground and the one who cast the first stone was ____________________. The Dilemma If Jesus had said release her, he would have – ____________________. If He said stone her, ____________________. ____________________. She had Broken the ____________________. Her word Her very character Broken ____________________. Broken ____________________. A sentence produced (8:6–11). â€Å"They were using this question as a trap, in order to have a basis for accusing him. But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. When they kept on questioning him, he straightened up and said to them, ‘If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her. ’ Again he stooped down and wrote on the ground. At this, those who heard began to go away one at a time, the older ones first, until only Jesus was left, with the woman still standing there. Jesus straightened up and asked her, ‘Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you? ’ ‘No one, sir,’ she said. ‘Then neither do I condemn you,’ Jesus declared. ‘Go now and leave your life of sin. † Why write? To prove Jesus ____________________. Christ was ____________________ – Jesus did not need time to think. He was giving them time to think. â€Å"Lawgiver. † He wrote the first law on tablets of stone He is now telling the audience He has the right to ____________________. It was common for a teacher ____________________ as a visual aid. Two words for writing. Kategaphen – to write against. What did Jesus write? List of the ____________________. Armenian New Testament, â€Å"He himself, bowing His head, was writing with His finger on the earth to declare their sins; and they were seeing their several sins on the stones. † Jesus wrote the ____________________. Wrote the ____________________ who committed adultery with the woman. Wrote something about the ____________________. Egraphen – Jesus ____________________. Without sin – anamartetos One who has not sinned, or one who cannot sin although the latter meaning was never expressed in the New Testament. A. T. Roberston, â€Å"He who has not committed this same sin. † The one who is not in on this plot. Jewish leaders were all conspirators in this conflict. Being convicted by their own conscience – elegchomenoi – literally means to ____________________. The light was reminding these hardened scribes and Pharisees of their own history of sin. Katekrinen – to give judgment ____________________. Stoning was symbolic. Stoning by the Jews involved taking large rocks, raising them over one’s head with both hands and thrusting them down upon the victim. Sin no more – He condemned her sin but condoned her person. We condone ____________________. But condemn ____________________. Christ, the Light in Moral Darkness (8:12–30) Why light? ____________________ – four golden candelabras each with four golden bowls. The bowls had been filed with oil and lit. Contemporary observers claimed the light was so brilliant, it illuminated the entire city of Jerusalem. The memory would still be in the minds of his listeners. ____________________ that led Israel. â€Å"Light† is applied ____________________. ____________________ – He may have been teaching just before sunrise. Jesus, ____________________ which drove away the conspiring Pharisees and illuminated the heart of the woman taken in adultery. By revealing the Christ (8:12–20). When Jesus spoke again to the people, he said, ‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life. ’ The Pharisees challenged him, ‘Here you are, appearing as your own witness; your testimony is not valid. ’ Jesus answered, ‘Even if I testify on my own behalf, my testimo ny is valid, for I know where I came from and where I am going. But you have no idea where I come from or where I am going. You judge by human standards; I pass judgment on no one. But if I do judge, my decisions are right, because I am not alone. I stand with the Father, who sent me. In your own Law it is written that the testimony of two men is valid. I am one who testifies for myself; my other witness is the Father, who sent me. ’ Then they asked him, ‘Where is your father? ’ ‘You do not know me or my Father,’ Jesus replied. ‘If you knew me, you would know my Father also. ’ He spoke these words while teaching in the temple area near the place where the offerings were put. Yet no one seized him, because his time had not yet come. † According to the accepted rules of evidence one could not give witness for himself it must be verified in the presence of ____________________. There is life in light there is death in ____________________. The Pharisees said ouk alethes meaning his witness was not pertinent or irrelevant. It was like saying the sun is not shining if only one person sees it. The two witness of verse 16. Jesus Father Are There Not Twelve Hours In The Day? (11:9) The hour of the Son of Man’s shining (2:4; 12:23). The hour of the Savior’s suffering (7:30; 8:20; 17:1). The hour of the Seeker’s summons (1:39). The hour of the sinner’s salvation (4:6, 29). The hour of the supplicant’s certainty (4:52). The hour of the Saint’s service (19:27). The hour of the Shepherd’s sabbatical (13:1). The hour of the Soul’s sorrow (12:27; 16:21). The hour of the student’s scattering (16:32). The hour of the Sovereign’s showing (19:14). The hour of the son of God’s supremacy (5:25–29). (11:9) â€Å"Jesus answered, ‘are there not twelve hours of daylight? A man who walks by day will not stumble, for he sees by this world’s light. ’† Gegraptai – v. 17 perfect tense meaning it has been written in the past and stands written. By revealing the Father (8:21–27). â€Å"Once more Jesus said to them, ‘I am going away, and you will look for me, and you will die in your sin. Where I go, you cannot come. ’ This made the Jews ask, ‘Will he kill himself? Is that why he says, `Where I go, you cannot come’? ’ But he continued, ‘You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world. I told you that you would die in your sins; if you do not believe that I am [the one I claim to be] you will indeed die in your sins. ’ ‘Who are you? ’ they asked. ‘Just what I have been claiming all along,’ Jesus replied. ‘I have much to say in judgment of you. But he who sent me is reliable, and what I have heard from him I tell the world. ’† The first use of sin is singular (8:21) hamartiai ____________________. Where as the second time He used the plural hamartiais (8:24) ____________________. Kill himself, v. 22 – it was widely held among Pharisees that anyone that killed himself would ____________________. By revealing the Cross (8:28–30). â€Å"So Jesus said, ‘When you have lifted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am [the one I claim to be] and that I do nothing on my own but speak just what the Father has taught me. The one who sent me is with me; He has not left me alone, for I always do what pleases Him. ’ Even as He spoke, many put heir faith in Him. † Jesus constantly reminds them of the ____________________. He also constantly uses the term â€Å"____________________. † Here again Jesus refers to Himself, ____________________. People believed eis into Him ____________________. Christ – the Liberator of Moral Slavery (8:31–59) Bondage declared (8: 31–36). â€Å"To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, ‘If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free. ’ They answered him, ‘We are Abraham’s descendants and have never been slaves of anyone. How can you say that we shall be set free? Jesus replied, ‘I tell you the truth, everyone who sins is a slave to sin. Now a slave has no permanent place in the family, but a son belongs to it forever. So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed. ’† Jesus then talks to the believers. Some may have believed to salvation, v. 30. Others not, v. 31 – it is possible to be a professor and not ____________________ of salvation. True disciples are those who hold on to His teaching. Jews never in bondage. ____________________. ____________________. Jesus was not speaking of political bondage but ____________________. Doulos – slave to sin. cf. Romans chapters 6:6–8. Bondage explained (8:36–47). â€Å"‘So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed. I know you are Abraham’s descendants. Yet you are ready to kill me, because you have no room for my word. I am telling you what I have seen in the Father’s presence, and you do what you have heard from your father. ’ ‘Abraham is our father,’ they answered. ‘If you were Abraham’s children,’ said Jesus, ‘then you would do the things Abraham did. As it is, you are determined to kill me, a man who has told you the truth that I heard from God. Abraham did not do such things. You are doing the things your own father does. ‘We are not illegitimate children,’ they protested. ‘The only Father we have is God himself. ’ Jesus said to them, ‘If God were your Father, you would love me, for I came from God and now am here. I have not come on my own; but he sent me. Why is my language not clear to you? Because you are unable to hear what I say. You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desire. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies. Yet because I tell the truth, you do not believe me! Can any of you prove me guilty of sin? If I am telling the truth, why don’t you believe me? He who belongs to God hears what God says. The reason you do not hear is that you do not belong to God. ’† Free indeed, ____________________. Abraham was a friend of God so if we are his children, we are ____________________. Note the dialectic – they are Abraham’s ____________________, but Jesus is God’s ____________________. Not born of fornication – may be a jab about the birth of Jesus. There are only two possibilities. Jesus was either born through ____________________ or ____________________. The prophet Hosea disagreed with the Jews v. 41 he said the nation had become the ____________________. Hosea 1:9–2:4. Jesus says that they are children of Satan, v. 44. Outwardly religious inwardly ____________________. Bondage demonstrated (8:48–59). â€Å"The Jews answered him, ‘Aren’t we right in saying that you are a Samaritan and demon-possessed? ’ ‘I am not possessed by a demon,’ said Jesus, ‘but I honor my Father and you dishonor me. I am not seeking glory for myself; but there is one who seeks it, and he is the judge. I tell you the truth, if anyone keeps my word, he will never see death. ’ At this the Jews exclaimed, ‘Now we know that you are demon-possessed! Abraham died and so did the prophets, yet you say that if anyone keeps your word, he will never taste death. Are you greater than our father Abraham? He died, and so did the prophets. Who do you think you are? ’ Jesus replied, ‘If I glorify myself, my glory means nothing. My Father, whom you claim as your God, is the one who glorifies me. Though you do not know him, I know him. If I said I did not, I would be a liar like you, but I do know him and keep his word. Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad. ’ ‘You are not yet fifty years old,’ the Jews said to him, ‘and you have seen Abraham! ’ ‘I tell you the truth,’ Jesus answered, ‘before Abraham was born, I am! ’ At this, they picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus hid himself, slipping away from the temple grounds. ’† The Jews responded by name calling (good when no facts support your conclusions). ____________________ v. 48. One of the strongest insults one could make to a Jew. There was also a play on words in Aramaic, Shomeroni meaning Samaritan and Shomeroni could also mean â€Å"a child of the devil. † ____________________ v. 48. Abraham rejoiced to see my day. In Paradise before ____________________. From the gospel of Nicodemus and The Acts of Pilate Abraham rejoicing to see the light of the approaching Christ when Jesus descended into hell between the cross and the resurrection. Abraham rejoiced by faith knowing that Messiah would be ____________________. Abraham’s ____________________ in Genesis 15:8–21. His laugh at Isaac’s birth was not a laugh of unbelief but belief that the Messiah would come through Isaac. Gen. 24:1 – Abraham had a ____________________ into the future of the nation. Gen. 17:1, vision when Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to him and said, â€Å"I am God almighty; walk before me and be blameless. † ____________________ Genesis 18 Jesus ate with Abraham then later Abraham interceded before the destruction on the cities of the plains. Not 50 years old Could be his actual age – ____________________. 50 years was the age of Levitical retirement. The point you are not old enough to retire, much less ____________________. General term meaning old. I Am – they took up stones again – not little stones but big stones. They are in the middle of construction at the temple and there must have been many large stones around. They came first to stone a ____________________ and ended up trying to stone a ____________________. Review What two persons did the Jews want to stone? Why did Jesus write on the ground? Where was the man who was in adultery with the woman? What was the source of the statement, â€Å"I am the Light†? What did Jesus mean â€Å"without sin† (verse 7)? Who did Jesus suggest was the Father of the Jews? Why did the Jews call Jesus a Samaritan? How does this chapter prove the Deity of Jesus? How did Jesus pass through those attempting to stone Him? Christ – The Light of the World Chapter 9 The Healing of the Blind Man (9:1–7) â€Å"As he went along, he saw a man blind from birth. His disciples asked him, ‘Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind? ’ ‘Neither this man nor his parents sinned,’ said Jesus, ‘but this happened so that the work of God might be displayed in his life. As long as it is day, we must do the work of him who sent me. Night is coming, when no one can work. While I am in the world, I am the light of the world. Having said this, he spit on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes. ‘Go,’ he told him, ‘wash in the Pool of Siloam’ (this word means Sent). So the man went and washed, and came home seeing. † Introduction Two major themes, light and opposition. It begins wh en Jesus becomes the ____________________ to the man born blind and ends with the healed man receiving ____________________. The Jewish bureaucracy rejected the light and persecuted those who responded to the light. Compare chapters 8 and 9. Jesus the light – ____________________. Jesus the Liberator – ____________________. Jesus the sinless one – ____________________. Jesus the â€Å"I am – I AM† ____________________. Ballo, (8:59) aorist active subjunctive, suggesting that some had already begun to throw stones. They are willing to break the Sabbath to kill Jesus even while He was in the temple proper. How did Jesus hide Himself? He became ____________________. Blind ____________________. Jesus ____________________, or the ____________________ Jesus and the man with stones. You would think that Jesus would be running from the stones but instead as He walks out the gate He takes time to heal a blind beggar. He had put His trust in the Father. The beautiful gate faces north bronze doors with a vine on it. The gate kept the blind and lame ____________________. In this miracle the person healed has been blind from birth. The early Christian writers used this miracle as an ____________________. Question: Who sinned? If blind from birth then it was hard for the blindness ____________________. Several Old Testament passages say that the children will suffer the consequences of ____________________. Exodus 34:7 â€Å"Maintaining love to thousands, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin. Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished; he punishes the children and their children for the sins of the fathers to the third and fourth generation. † Num. 14:18 â€Å"The Lord is slow to anger, abounding in love and forgiving sin and rebellion. Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished; he punishes the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation. † Deut 5:9 â€Å"You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me. † Jer. 1:29 â€Å"In those days people will no longer say, ‘The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. Instead, everyone will die for his own sin; whoever eats sour grapes—his own teeth will be set on edge. ’† Eze. 18:2 â€Å"What do you people mean by quoting this proverb about the land of Israel: ‘Th e farther eat sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge? ’† A popular Jewish thought was that sin did not begin at birth but ____________________. The man had sinned prior to his birth. Pre-existence of souls. In their ____________________ they could sin. There are other reasons than sin for deformities. This man was born blind so ____________________. Why did Jesus use clay and spittle? Spittle was believed to have special ____________________. It was used in two miracles. Today when you hurt your finger, you put it in your mouth. Kneading clay with spittle is specifically forbidden by the Sabbath laws of the Jews. Jesus was again challenging the authority over ____________________. He is reminding that man was originally made from the ____________________. Why send the man so far to wash? The pool of Bethesda was much closer than the pool of Siloam. Wash – go ____________________ in the water of Siloam. The answer is seen in the typical significance of this pool from which water was drawn on the eighth day following the feast of Tabernacles. In that ceremony the waters of Siloam were likened unto ____________________. Isa. 12:3. Siloam means sent. One of Jesus’ names is Shiloah, i. e. , sent one, Genesis 49:10. To ____________________. Imagine a blind man with clay in his eyes trying to get to the pool ? of a mile away. After he washed he returned seeing. The Witness of the Blind Man (9:8–34) Introduction to this section. Verses of progression of faith. 11 – a man who is ____________________. 17 – ____________________. 31 – a ____________________ who does His will. 36, 38 – a ____________________. Progression of faith ____________________ Jesus (v. 11) Told ____________________ (v. 15) Testimony ____________________ (v. 25) ____________________ His faith (v. 30–33) Becomes a ____________________ (v. 36) Finally is a ____________________ (v. 38) Five descending steps away from faith. Weak faith (Romans 4:19–20) Little faith (Matthew 14) Faithless – natural Doubt Unbelief – the opposite of belief. Witness to his friends (9:8–12). His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked, ‘Isn’t this the same man who used to sit and beg? ’ Some claimed that he was. Others said, ‘No, he only looks like him. ’ But he himself insisted, ‘I am the man. ’ ‘How then were your eyes opened? â⠂¬â„¢ they demanded. He replied, ‘The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes. He told me to go to Siloam and wash. So I went and washed, and then I could see. ’ ‘Where is this man? ’ they asked him. ‘I don’t know,’ he said. † Who used to observe him – theoreo theoroutes – present active participle. Some ____________________ â€Å"He is like him† – ouchi denoting a vigorous enial concerning the identity of the man. If people that knew him did not believe it was he, it is not surprising that the Pharisees later questioned if the man had ever been blind. The man knew ____________________ – aneblepsa – aorist active indicative of anablepo meaning to see and continue seeing. He did not know where Jesus was because after Jesus anointed his eyes with clay, the man walked ? of a mile and Jesus went His way. Witness to the Pharisees (9:13–18). â€Å"They brought to the Phari sees the man who had been blind. Now the day on which Jesus had made the mud and opened the man’s eyes was a Sabbath. Therefore the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. ‘He put mud on my eyes,’ the man replied, ‘and I washed, and now I see. ’ Some of the Pharisees said, ‘This man is not from God, for he does not keep the Sabbath. ’ But others asked, ‘How can a sinner do such miraculous signs? ’ So they were divided. Finally they turned again to the blind man, ‘What have you to say about him? It was your eyes he opened. ’ The man replied, ‘He is a prophet. ’ The Jews still did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they sent for the man’s parents. † If this was a miracle then the Jewish leaders needed to listen to Jesus. If they listen to Jesus they must ____________________. They must disprove the miracle so the Jewish leaders must stop talking to the man and go ____________________. Verse 16 Jesus brings ____________________. Witness to His family (9:18–23). â€Å"The Jews still did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they sent for the man’s parents. ‘Is this your son? ’ they asked. ‘Is this the one you say was born blind? How is it that now he can see? ’ ‘We know he is our son,’ the parents answered, ‘and we know he was born blind. But how he can see now, or who opened his eyes, we don’t know. Ask him. He is of age; he will speak for himself. ’ His parents said this because they were afraid of the Jews, for already the Jews had decided that anyone who acknowledged that Jesus was the Christ would be put out of the synagogue. That was why his parents said, ‘He is of age; ask him. ’† The three question asked the parents Is this ____________________? Was he ____________________? How does he ____________________? These three questions come out as one in the Greek, perhaps in an attempt to confuse the parents into making a misstatement. They are looking for some loophole. The parents are scared to death – ephobounto – they feared (9:22) is imperfect middle and refers to ____________________. They are probably thrilled that this son is healed but not the prospect of excommunication from the synagogue. They will not even stand up for their child. Put out of the synagogue. Ostracized in the Jewish community living in Jerusalem, that meant ____________________. Three kinds or stages of excommunication. ____________________ – lasted from seven to thirty days, and to some degree shunned. ____________________ – at least thirty days up to sixty days. Often accompanied by curses and sometimes proclaimed with the blasting of a horn. Everyone would stay six to seven feet away from them and if they dies stones were thrown at the coffin. ____________________ – indefinite time – treated as if they were dead. No communication at all. It seems the man healed will be cast out before the day is over. Witness to His foes (9:24–34). â€Å"A second time they summoned the man who had been blind. ‘Give glory to God,’ they said. ‘We know this man is a sinner. ’ He replied, ‘Whether he is a sinner or not, I don’t know. One thing I do know. I was blind but now I see! Then they asked him, ‘What did he do to you? How did he open your eyes? ’ He answered, ‘I have told you already and you did not listen. Why do you want to hear it again? Do you want to become his disciples, too? ’ Then they hurled insults at him and said, ‘You are this fellow’s disciple ! We are disciples of Moses! We know that God spoke to Moses, but as for this fellow, we don’t even know where he comes from. ’ The man answered, ‘Now that is remarkable! You don’t know where he comes from, yet he opened my eyes. We know that God does not listen to sinners. He listens to the godly man who does his will. Nobody has ever heard of opening the eyes of a man born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing. ’ To this they replied, ‘You were steeped in sin at birth; how dare you lecture us! ’ And they threw him out. † The progression of opposition. Stage one – people ____________________ (vs. 8–9) Stage two – people are ____________________. Stage three – they attack ____________________ (v. 16). Stage four – they create ____________________. Stage five – ____________________ – you are dumb. Stage six – they accuse you of ____________________. Stage seven – ____________________. Revile – more than verbal abuse, ____________________. Give God the praise – an insinuation that ____________________ in context was an idiom meaning, â€Å"Speak the truth in the presence and the name of God. † First used by Joshua speaking to Achan calling on him to confess his sin to the nation. Joshua 7:19, â€Å"Then Joshua said to Achan, ‘My son, give glory to the Lord, the God of Israel, and give him the praise. Tell me what you have done; do not hide if from me. ’† The amazing thing is that this man refuses to deny the miracle and he ____________________. The man’s argument is based upon three commonly held views. God does not answer ____________________. God does and will hear the prayers of those ____________________. No one ever had before healed someone born ____________________. If Jesus was not from God ____________________. The man is cast out Threw him out ____________________. Excommunicated – cast out – it did not take a formal meeting of the whole Sanhedrin, as few as ten men could meet to sentence a man this way. The Worship of the Blind Man (9:35–41) â€Å"Jesus heard that they had thrown him out, and when he found him, he said, ‘Do you believe in the Son of Man? ’ ‘Who is he, sir? ’ the man asked. Tell me so that I may believe in him. ’ Jesus said, ‘You have now seen him; in fact, he is the one speaking with you. ’ Then the man said, ‘Lord, I believe,’ and he worshiped him. Jesus said, ‘For judgment I have come into this world, so that the blind will see and those who see will become blind. â⠂¬â„¢ Some Pharisees who were with him heard him say this and asked, ‘What? Are we blind too? ’ Jesus said, ‘If you were blind, you would not be guilty of sin; but now that you claim you can see, your guilt remains. ’† Word got around and Jesus found him. Note Jesus does not use Son of God but ____________________. Do you believe? suggests an ____________________ in the Greek. â€Å"You do believe, don’t you? † The man did not know what to believe or who to believe in. Worshiped – here prosekunesen – ____________________. The blind shall see and the sighted ____________________. Review At what location did healing of the blind man take place? Give three ways Jesus might have hid himself? Give three reasons Jesus may have used clay to heal? How did the faith of the blind man grow? What three questions were asked of the parents? How was the healed man excommunicated? What are the seven stages of opposition to Jesus? What does the blind man do when he meets Jesus?

Exploring the Theme of Love in Sonnets 57 and 58 Essay -- Shakespeare’

Shakespeare’s sonnets are numbered in a sequential order and adjacent sonnets often have similar content. Throughout Shakespeare’s sonnets, he covers many subjects, such as interest in the life of a young man, his love for a young man, and his love for a dark haired woman. In sonnets 57 and 58, Shakespeare discusses how love is like slavery in its different manifestations. The object of the narrator’s love has a dominating power over the narrator, which controls him and guides his actions. Shakespeare shows in sonnets 57 and 58 that love can be displayed by using many different routes such as viewing love as a controlling force, exploring the theme of time and waiting in regards to love, and the question of the physical state of being of love. Throughout both sonnets there is a sense that the narrator has resigned himself to the slavery of love. In sonnet 57, the narrator asserts in the first two lines that all he (we will assume the narrator is a "he") can do is wait until the lover needs something. This blind devotion to the lover seems to come without any reservations on behalf of the narrator and seems to be a natural inclination to give of one’s self whole-heartedly and unconditionally ("unconditional love"). In sonnet 58, line 13, "though waiting so be hell" shows the pain that the narrator is going through while he is waiting on the lover. In sonnet 58, line five, "let me suffer, being at your beck" again constitutes this devotion of the narrator to the recipient of the love without any reservations. The narrator is willingly accepting suffering, hell, and sadness, as seen in the phrase "sad slave" (sonnet 57, line 11), in order to be a slave to love. This devotion to loving servitude is admirable and the bon d formed... ... that love thinks no ill. Shakespeare uses many different methods of discourse to examine this theme of love. In both sonnets the lover is exerting his control over the narrator, but the narrator does not really mind being controlled in either sonnet. Both sonnets include many elements and references to time and waiting and all of these references relate to love by showing love’s long lifespan and varying strengths over time. The only major difference between the two sonnets lies in their addressing love. Sonnet 57 talks directly to it in a personifying manner, whereas sonnet 58 merely refers to it through other means. Through this variety of explorations of the theme of love, Shakespeare shows that love has many faces and ways of expressing itself. Â   Works Cited McCurry, Justin. Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder: Shakespeare’s Sonnets 57 and 58.

Divorce and Major Life Change

DIVORCE: SHOULD THERE BE REFORMS TO MAKE DIVORCE HARDER? OUTLINE Divorce: divorce can be said to be any form of dissolution of a marital union. A brief history of divorce: divorce dates back to when marriage started existing. It is aimed at bringing about peace to couples who can no longer tolerate each other. * Types of divorce * Causes of divorce Divorce: Discuss on the negative effects of divorce. The disadvantages divorce has on the various people affected. * Discuss on the effects of divorce on children. * Discuss on the effects of divorce on the parents. * Discuss on the effects of divorce on the society as a whole.Conclusion: due to the above listed points which strongly oppose divorce, there should be reforms to make it harder to get a divorce. PROPOSAL Divorce: should there be reforms to make divorce harder? Concerns of research: this paper is concerned with the effects of divorce and how it affects the society as a whole. It explains why divorce is rather negative thereby h ighlighting the adverse effects it has on the society. Question/ Topics to be addressed: 1. What are the causes of divorce? 2. How can causes these causes be controlled to avoid divorce? 3. What are the disadvantages of divorce? 4.How do these disadvantages affect the members of the family and society as a whole? Major issues or arguments on the research area include: 1. Effects of divorce on children 2. Effects of divorce on parents 3. Effects of divorce on the society My position regarding divorce: I propose the notion that there should be reforms to make divorce harder because there are too many divorce cases nowadays. Sources of information: websites, books, newspapers, journals, articles. Annotated Bibliography Foulkes, Lesley. The effects of divorce on children. n. d. 20 April 2012 . this gave me an insight on the problems children go through when their parents separate. It explains the negative effects divorce has on children. Johnson, Shannon. How does divorce affect girls? n. d. 24 April 2012 . ; this explains the effect of divorce on female children and how they are affected by it. It explains how traumatized they become. Nicholson, Joseph. what is the origin of divorce. n. d. 18 April 2012 . ; this gave me an idea of when divorce started and how divorce came into existence.Wikipedia. n. d. 18 April 2012 . ; this gave me an insight on the definition and types of divorce. It explains the various types of divorce we have. DIVORCE: SHOULD THERE BE REFORMS TO MAKE DIVORCE HARDER? The word divorce has Latin origin and is said to mean â€Å"the separation of things† (Nicholson). Marriage and divorce go hand in hand because there cannot be divorce without marriage. There is evidence that the history of divorce dates back to the distant past. It would be fair to say that divorce came about when marriage started existing.Divorce is any form of dissolution of a marital union (Wikipedia). It can also be said to be the termination of a marriage. It involv es the separation of a couple and withdrawal of any legal responsibilities which the couples owe each other. It is a mutual agreement between a husband and wife to separate due to certain reasons which make them unable to live with each other. Though divorce is a legal act, it does not always coincide with the couple’s emotions. Sometimes, you find couples splitting up not because they do not love each other but because of one offence committed by either of the spouses.Divorce is used as the easy way out when couples can no longer live with each other. The procedure of divorce varies greatly from country to country but in most countries there has to be a legal authorization from a court or any related legal authority. Between 1971 and 2011, almost all the countries legalized divorce leaving only a few countries where divorce is still not legalized. According to Wikipedia: â€Å"Between 1971 and 2011, five European countries legalized divorce: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Malta. This leaves just the Philippines as the only country that does not have a civil procedure for divorce. Like every major life change, divorce is stressful. It brings about a lot of drastic changes to the family as a whole. It will then take time for the family to re-adjust into their new ways of life. For the couple, they learn to live an independent life without any support from their partner or in some cases with support from their partners. This factor depends on the type of divorce and the agreement between the couple. The couples also have to learn to be single parents in the case where children are involved. The children stay with either partner depending on the mutual agreement between the partners or custody given by court.Divorce can be viewed from two basic approaches; fault based and no-fault based though there are various types (Wikipedia). According to Wikipedia, we have the following types of divorces; No-fault divorce: this type of divorce does not require a ny allegation or proof of fault by either partner. This type of divorce also depends on the country. In some countries, the court only requires a statement of â€Å"irreversible breakdown† before the divorce can be legalized while in others, a statement of â€Å"irreconcilable differences† is required. Nowadays, most countries of the world do not practice this type of divorce. Wikipedia) Fault divorce: this type of divorce has been in existence since 1960. In this case, for a divorce to be legalized, the court requires proof that one of the partners committed an act incompatible with marriage. These proofs are called â€Å"grounds† of divorce or faults. This type of divorce is practiced by almost all countries of the world. (Wikipedia) Summary divorce: this is the type of divorce which is used when the partners meet eligible requirements or agree on key issues such as short marriage, no mortgage, no children and so on before the commencement of the marriage.This is only practiced in some countries. (Wikipedia) Uncontested divorce: this type of divorce occurs when the partners are able to come to an agreement with or without lawyers about their property, children and support issues. If the partners have a fair agreement, they can then present the court with it and their divorce will be legalized and if not, it is up to the court to decide how they will share everything. (Wikipedia) Collaborative divorce: this is a case whereby there is an agreement between spouses to go their separate ways which would require an attorney to be present.In this type of divorce the spouses do not necessarily separate because of disagreements, but because they decided to go their separate ways. Mediated divorce: this is a traditional type of divorce in which a mediator helps the two parties to communicate and provides information. At the end of the mediation process, they come to an agreement which they present to the court. (Wikipedia) Nowadays, the level at w hich people get divorced is rampant and it is increasing on a daily basis. There are various reasons which lead people to get divorces though some might not be supportable enough.The major family problems which lead to divorce include: adultery, lack of communication, young marriages. (Pansen) Adultery: this is when either of the spouses cheats on each other with a different person. It can also be when either of the spouses is engaged in extramarital affairs. This a very serious offence in a marriage because by committing adultery, you are sabotaging everything both of you have put into the marriage. Majority of marriages in which adultery was committed leads to divorce because it leaves the partners feeling betrayed. Pansen) Lack of communication: according to Sonel Pansen: â€Å"Lack of communication is one of the leading causes of divorce. A marriage is on the rocks when the lines of communication fail. † In recent times, a lot of families face financial problems and this causes spouses to work for longer hours and hence leaves them with little or no time to communicate with each other. Due to this, the partners do not discuss their problems or look for solutions to their problems. Little problems which could have been resolved accumulate into huge problems finally resulting in divorce. Pansen) Young marriages: as people always say; â€Å"young marriages do not last†. This statement is very true because most young marriages are rushed into. The partners at very young ages feel they are â€Å"in love† which makes them feel invincible. At that point in time, they do not think straight and feel marriage is the next step. This deprives the couple of getting to know each other. Most of these marriages end up in regret which leads to divorce. (Pansen) People who experience divorce are greatly affected by it and majority of the times, the effects are rather negative. Divorce is not in any way advisable.It brings about emotional instability, un happiness, broken homes, lack of unity. The only time when divorce should be considered is if the couple can no longer tolerate each other and they might cause harm to one another. Though these are the general effects of divorce, divorce has different effects on the different members of the family and the society as a whole. The effects of divorce can be divided into the effects on children, effects on the couple and the effects on the society. The effects of divorce on children The divorce of a couple brings about so much stress to their children.It leaves the children with the problems of having to adjust to a new life. Divorce usually brings about instability and unhappiness to the children. Most of the time, the children get drawn away from either parent depending on the parent who has custody over the children. The children also have a high tendency of having a decreased standard of living because they do not have both parents to care for them. The children might have divided l ives in cases where they live with both parents and this causes a lot of confusion for the children because they try to balance both life styles.Divorce also causes the children to bare more responsibilities because a broken home does not provide them with the care they require (Foulkes). Children from divorced homes usually tend to mature psychologically too fast or act older than their age and this may lead the children astray. Sometimes, divorce can bring about child abuse especially in situations where their parents remarry. According to researchers, the effect divorce has on children largely depends on their gender. Female children affected by divorce tend to be sexually abused due to lack of parental awareness or decreased parental awareness. (Johnson).Girls from divorce homes tend to engage in sexual activities at earlier ages hence leading to teenage pregnancies. A lot of female children also become runaways because they feel they are not getting enough attention. These girl s who run away end up prostituting or engaging in drugs because they have no guidance. Male children on the other hand tend to be more aggressive and disobedient (Foulkes). They tend to withdraw from their parents. They blame themselves for their parents’ divorce. Boys tend to go indulge in negative acts such as drinking, smoking, theft. They also suffer from depression. The effects of divorce on couplesThe effect of divorce on couples is devastating because during marriage, couples learn to live with each other and complement each other and when they get divorced, it is usually hard for them to adjust. They have to accept the fact they would not have their partner there for them anymore. Divorce is a very stressful process to couples; it brings about anxiety to both parties. Divorce affects couples socially, financially, economically and in so many other ways. Socially, because they might no longer get along or feel comfortable with each other, they result in having differen t friends or even changing their life styles.Economically, there are a lot of problems. They are faced with the problems of splitting properties (Gac). Though divorce affects the couple as a whole, its effects are rather different on the male and female partner. For male partners, divorce may interfere with their jobs and wage earning ability. They might even turn to drug trafficking or various other illegal acts as a means of income. They tend to live an unhealthy life because most of the times, they turn to alcohol and sleeping around with prostitutes for comfort. They get really stressed out and this leads to unnecessary anger.They tend to be distant from their children (Effets of divorce on men). The female partners on the other hand tend to get really emotional during divorce. A woman might feel guilty and blame herself for abandoning her family especially in the case where she has children. According to family. org. com, a renowned website, the most common effect of divorce on women is depression (Gleason). The female partners are also likely to go into prostitution as a means to get money to care for their children. They might turn to alcohol and having multiple sex partners as a means of relieving stress. The effect of divorce on the societyDivorce does not only affect the family members, it also affects the society as a whole. The family members who go through divorce usually end up as menaces to the society because they are into various negative acts. The rise in divorce rates also leads to increase in emotional instability and crime rates (The effects of divorce on the society). In societies of today, the situations concerning illegal acts and crime rates are already too high as it is and divorce is just adding to it. Sometime ago, divorce was considered to be a social taboo and was avoided as much as possible but in today’s generation, divorce seems to be a normal thing.Divorce, directly or indirectly has too many negative effects on the ind ividuals involved and the society at large. Experts suggest that the easing of the divorce process makes the rate of divorce more rampant. If there were reforms to make divorce getting a divorce harder, a lot of the problems listed above would be waved. According to the Qur’an â€Å"The most hateful permissible thing (al-Halal) in the sight of Allah is divorce (Abu Dawud, Hadith 1863, Ibn Majah, Hadith 2008). † (islamicislamic. com) This is a statement from the Qur’an which clearly shows that God is against divorce.It does not only show his detest for divorce, it further explains that divorce is the most hateful permissible sin. Jesus is reported to have said:† â€Å"Whoever divorces his wife and marries another, commits adultery against her; and if a woman divorces her husband and marries another, she commits adultery (Mark 10:11-12). † (islamicislamic. com)This statement shows that Christianity has prohibited the marriage to a divorced man or woma n. Though it is not directly said that divorce is prohibited, it is common sense to depict that divorce is not supported by Christianity or Islam.The two major religions in the world which are Islam and Christianity are strongly against divorce. Your religion is what you believe in, it determines the way you live your life and clearly it points out that divorce is wrong and should be a last resort. Is this not enough reason to stay away from divorce? Divorce greatly affects the partners involved but most of all; it affects the children the most. Why should innocent children have to pay for mistakes which are not theirs? In one way or the other, when you look at divorce from different perspectives, it all boils down to being wrong.There are too many divorces in the world now and they are mostly caused by stupidity because most of the causes of divorce can be resolved if the couple would communicate. Mostly, people just use divorce as an excuse when in the real sense it can be resolve d. I do hope people realize the wrongs of divorce and the great effects it has on people and the society and hence make reforms that would make getting divorces harder. This will greatly help because the level at which people get divorces would be greatly reduced. Works Cited Effets of divorce on men. n. d. 19 April 2012 . Foulkes, Lesley. The effects of divorce on children. n. d. 20 April 2012 . Gac, Dennis. The effects of divorce on couple. 6 October 2010. 20 April 2012 . Gleason, Kathy. The effect of divorce on children. 30 June 2010. 2012 21 2012 . islamicislamic. com. n. d. 20 April 2012 . Johnson, Shannon. How does divorce affect girls? n. d. 24 April 2012 . Nicholson, Joseph. what is the origin of divorce. n. d. 18 April 2012 . Pansen, Sonel. Common causes and reasons for divorce. 12 February 2011. 20 April 2012 . â€Å"The effects of divorce on the society. † Divorce 28 June 2010. Wikipedia. n. d. 18 April 2012 .

The aim of this paper is to investigate the transformation

The aim of this paper is to investigate the transformation of the Byronic Hero from its creation in early Greek theatre through classical English literature and 19th-Century Russian literature to the modern times. The Byronic Hero is probably one of the most widespread literary types. Under the term ‘Byronic Hero’ literary critics conventionally mean a young man, well-bred and intelligent but rebellious and usually disapproved and disregarded by the larger part of the society. He is an exile and ultimately self-destructive:‘For the Byronic overreacher, who longs to fulfil his divine aspirations, the human body is a form of imprisonment’ (Wu, 2005, p. 891). A typical Byronic Hero not always handsome, yet always inextricably attractive, often to both sexes: ‘Not exactly handsome, the Byronic hero is magnetically attractive, with a piercing gaze and an air of mystery. His face seems to signify that he is haunted by some terrible crime’ (Polidori, L e Fanu & Stoker, 2002, p. 6). Thorsley (1984, p. 189), an influential researcher of Romanticism, gives the following account of the Byronic Hero:‘†¦the Byronic Hero is the one protagonist who in stature and in temperament best represents the [heroic] tradition in England. ’ The image of the Byronic Hero is surprisingly controversial. He is usually disapproved and disregarded by the larger part of the society. Thorsley (1984, p. 187) notes that, ‘with the loss of his titanic passions, his pride, and his certainty of self-identity, he loses also his status as hero. ’ It is more than self-evident that the classical Byronic Heroes is Byron’s Childe Harold. The Canto I from the Childe Harold's Pilgrimage provides an excessive proof for all the abovementioned images of a Byronic Hero.The following lines can be interpreted as the example of rebellious nature of the Byronic Hero: ‘Who ne in virtue's ways did take delight/But spent his days in riot most uncouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Canto I, 2, lines 1-2) A Byronic hero is melancholic and ‘sick at heart’: ‘And now Childe Harold was sore sick at heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Canto I, 6, line 1) Finally, a Byronic hero is constantly wandering and forcing himself to voluntary exile: The Childe departed from his father's hall†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Canto I, 7, line 1) So we see that the Childe Harold's Pilgrimage outlines a conventional image of a Byronic hero.Different variations of the Byronic Hero can be found in literature and popular culture, yet all of them are united by certain distinguishing features: ‘The Byronic hero strives to penetrate the barriers of nature and history, whether it be Manfred in the Hall of Arimanes, Cain with Lucifer in Hades, or Harold exploring the historical topography of Europe’ (Wu, 1999, p. 479). All the aforementioned examples are taken from Romantic literature. However, it is important to note that the Byronic Hero emerged much ear lier than the epoch of Childe Harold.Precursors of this typical hero of English Romanticism can be traced back to Greek theatre. The notion of hamartia is intrinsically linked to the early development of the Byronic Hero: ‘Another primary characteristic of the classical ideal of the tragic hero was the hamartia, or the tragic flaw. Generally, this flaw was hubris, or excessive pride in one's position or abilities that led to a failure to exercise proper judgment in a situation. This lack of judgment led the hero along the wrong path and thus brought about his fall’ (Broussard, 2000, para. 4).Classical Greek tragedies always feature a tragic hero who can be regarded as the earliest embodiment of the Byronic Hero. The Byronic Hero is present in literary Gothicism as one of the literary trends within the tradition of Romanticism. In the Romantic literature, two different types of heroes can be found, namely Satanic Hero and Byronic Hero. Byronic hero is associated predomin antly with female features, and power isn’t his attribute – he is characterized by meekness and tenuity. To the contrary, the Satanic hero bears all the typical masculine features and is associated with impressive and aggressive power.In fact, Satan is also believed to be an early version of the Byronic Hero. Despite some apparent differences, these two literary types have much in common: ‘Like Satan, the Byronic hero is an outsider and an overreacher, though the divine Law that he violates is not the First Commandment but the Seventh, a sin often involving not only adultery but incest’ (Polidori, Le Fanu & Stoker, 2002, p. 6). As for the classical period in literature, Heathcliff from ‘Wuthering Heights’ is another example of Byronic hero. He is only obsessed by his love for Cathy and hatre for everyone all the rest:‘In the uncouth, passionate Heathcliff, Bronte creates a Byronic hero who lives outside conventional morality’ (Pla tt & Matthews, 2003, p. 509). Captain Ahab from ‘Moby Dick’ is sometimes also cited as a Byronic Hero, although there no broad consensus among critics: ‘Captain Ahab's rebellious nature and attitude towards existing norms illustrates his Byronic qualities, as well as the overall dark nature of his humanity’ (Hospelhorn & Nicolson, 2003, ‘Moby Dick’). Byronic Hero found new incarnation in classic Russian literature.Such notable writers as Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Alexander Pushkin, and Mikhail Lermontov all contributed to the emergence of the phenomenon later referred to as ‘the Russified Byronic Hero’; it is also important to point out that this type of the Byronic Hero was significantly different from the classical interpretation (Malone, 2006). Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, an important representative of Russian Romanticism and Byronism, creates a hero in Sturm und Drang style, heavily influenced by other ramifications of European R omanticism (Bagby, 1995).Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin is also perceived as another example of ‘the Russified Byronic Hero’; he prefers loneliness to happiness and forces himself into voluntary isolation, caught in the everlasting ennui. Another variation of this type of Byronic Hero can be found in Turgenev’s ‘A Hero of our Time’: ‘Bazarov, as an extreme example of the tragic Byronic hero, generates his own moral code within his society and proves to have a rebellious nature towards the stereotypical society boundaries in which he is held’ (Hospelhorn & Nicolson, 2003, ‘A Hero of our Time’).At the same time, Pechorin from Lermontov’s ‘Fathers and Sons’ is believed to be the classical example of Russified Byronic Hero: ‘Perchorian displays byronic qualities as a wandering nomad, unable to establish lasting permanance with the society that created him. Lermontov was a noted scholar of Byron; incorpo rating his writings into much of his own literature and poetry’ (Hospelhorn & Nicolson, 2003, ‘Fathers and Sons’). Lermontov is credited for the creation of another vivid example of Byronic Hero in Russian literature, the Demon. In general, Lermontov contributed a lot to the evolution of Byronic hero in Russian poetry:‘Lermontov's early Byronic poems constituted one of the major phenomena of Russian romanticism, while his poems ‘The Demon’ and ‘Mtsyri’ demonstrate re-evaluation of Byronic ideas and the crisis of poetic individualism’ (Muraviev, 2005, para. 1). Dostoevsky’s Raskolnikov from ‘Crime and Punishment’ is sometimes regarded to be Realistic hero; however, he bears numerous traits that are typical for Byronic Hero: ‘As in the case with the earlier Russian Byronic heroes, Rodion Raskolnikov’s isolation is not physical, but stems from his mental isolation from, and feeling of superiorit y over, the society in which he lives.Since his status above his contemporaries cannot be reinforced by physically distancing himself from them, Raskolnikov cultivates a mental and spiritual isolation’ (Malone, 2006, para. 5). In the modern time, the recreation of the Byronic Hero is often attributed to Albert Camus in his novel ‘The Rebel’: ‘But it was Camus's recreation, in modern terms, of the solitary Byronic hero, who resists fate and an alien world by defiant acts, which brought the cult so vividly to life and gave it actual meaning to youth on both sides of the Rhine’ (Johnson, 2001, p.575). As for the contemporary incarnation of the Byronic Hero, the brightest example is found in popular culture rather than literature. Jim Morrison projects the majority of the characteristics of the Byronic Hero. The Byronic Hero is an extraordinary and talented young man. The tremendous success of Jim Morrison leaves no doubt in his enormous talent and energ y. Secondly, the Byronic Hero is rebellious and opposes almost all social laws and norms. He deliberately distances himself from the social institutions.This feature was characteristic of Jim Morrison from the early childhood: he used to question authority and for that he was dismissed from the scout club; at night, he used to leave home secretly and go to crowded and disreputable bars. His juvenile misbehaving soon evolved into a consistent social protest expressed trough music and show. ‘Philosophies of Protest’ was his favorite course in Florida State University. Morrison rejected social institution, and we find evidence for it in the fact that he had never been married. Instead, he ‘married’ Patricia Kennealy in a Celtic pagan ceremony.The Byronic Hero is never impressed by rank and privilege though he may possess it. Jim Morrison might have become a representative of the ‘golden youth’ with good educational background, stable job, and resp ectable position in the society. But his choice was in favour of the flamboyant bohemian lifestyle. The conventional Byronic Hero is well-red and possibly well-bread. Jim Morrison took a keen interest in self-education; he devoted time to reading Nietzsche, Jung, Ginsberg, Joyce and Balzac. He derived inspiration in the writing of French symbolists, especially Rimbaud.It’s very interesting to observe that Arthur Rimbaud himself was an exemplary Byronic Hero, with his dark passions and impressive talents. Another indicator of the Byronic Hero is the exile, usually imposed by the young men himself. Paris exile is an essential part of Jim Morrison’s biography. The Byronic Hero is continually depressed and melancholy. It is reported that in Paris Jim searched for a sense of life and a sense himself in the world as well as for inspiration to create impressive poetry. But even in the city of great poets Jim was constantly uninspired and severely depressed.Making an overall c onclusion, it is necessary to remind that the figure of the Byronic Hero is first found in classical Greek theatre in the form of the tragic hero. During the Middle Ages, the literary figure of Satan was developed as a prototype of the Byronic Hero. The classical example of this literary type is Byron’s Childe Harold. Numerous examples in classical literature prove that this type was appealing to the reader, especially in the era of Romanticism. Russified Byronic Hero is one of the most notable variations of this literary type. French symbolists and Albert Camus reinvented the Byronic Hero at the dawn of the 20th century.The Byronic Hero remains attractive to the audience now and is widely used in popular culture. References Bagby, Lewis. Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky and Russian Byronism. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Lord Byron. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Teddington, UK: Echo Library, 2006. Johnson, Paul M. Modern Times Revised Edition: Th e World from the Twenties to the Nineties. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, Revised ed. , 2001. Thorslev, Peter L. Romantic Contraries: Freedom Versus Destiny. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. Platt, Dewitt, and Roy Matthews.Western Humanities, Complete. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Polidori, John William, Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, and Bram Stoker. Three Vampire Tales: Dracula, Carmilla, and The Vampyre. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Wu, Duncan. Companion to Romanticism. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1999. Wu, Duncan. Romanticism: An Anthology. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited, Third ed, 2005. Broussard, Jonathan. ‘Diabolos Herodes: Victor Hugo’s Presentation of Satan as a Heroic Figure, Or The Devil With a Cause. ’ April 6, 2000. August 19, 2007. Hospelhorn, Sarah, and Andrew Nicolson. ‘Byronic Heroes in Russian Literature. ’ April 2003. August 19, 2007. Malone, Caitlin. ‘Cloak and Axe: Dostoevskyâ€⠄¢s Raskolnikov as a Byronic Hero. ’ The Birch, a Journal of Eastern European and Eurasian Culture. Fall 2006. August 19, 2007. Muraviev, O. S. ‘Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov (1814 – 1841). ’ Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2005. August 19, 2007.